Xanthos, Turkey

Non-Cruise Destinations

Xanthos: Explore Ancient Lycian History

If you’re interested in history and exploring beautiful landscapes, visiting the open-air museum at Xanthos is an excellent way to spend a few hours during your Turkish holiday. Located about 90 minutes from Fethiye, this UNESCO World Heritage site is easily accessible by car or public transit.

Situated on the edge of the modern-day village of Kınık, the once-powerful metropolis of Xanthos was the capital of the Lycian League. While not as picturesque or impressive as some other Lycian sites, the ruins of Xanthos offer an in-depth look at the political, social, and cultural heart of the Lycian civilization.

History – Why Xanthos Matters

Lycian Era

Archaeologists have found evidence of settlement as early as the 8th century BC. Between the 8th and 5th centuries BC, there was significant unrest in the region, as many different groups tried to invade and take control of the thriving city. Rather than surrender to the invaders, the Xanthians chose to burn their city to the ground — not just once, but twice! Fortunately, they survived these incursions and were able to rebuild each time, a testament to the resilience of the ancient Lycians.

Hellenistic & Roman Times

Between the 4th and 1st centuries BC, Xanthos experienced a time of growth and prosperity, becoming the capital of the Lycian League. Transitioning from Greek to Roman rule, the city thrived. Most of the structures we see on the site today were built during this period.

Byzantine Times

Around the 7th century AD, Xanthos began to decline. Arab raids, shifting trade routes, and earthquakes forced the population to gradually relocate to more secure or economically viable centres. By the time of the Ottoman period (starting around the 14th century AD), Xanthos was largely abandoned, leaving behind the ruins we see today as a testament to its once-great history.

Modern Times

In the 19th century, the ruins of Xanthos were “discovered” by British archaeologist Charles Fellowes, who unearthed and relocated many of the ancient city’s artefacts to the British Museum. Since then, excavations have continued sporadically, allowing us a more in-depth understanding of Lycian culture and customs. Replicas of some of the more significant displaced artefacts have been installed in a few places to give visitors a better sense of their scope and majesty.

Layout of the Ancient City

The Necropolis – Honouring the Dead

The Xanthos site is probably best known for its impressive necropolis, which includes a multitude of Lycian rock tombs carved into the region’s bedrock.

The tombs at Xanthos are notable for several reasons:

  • The tombs are built in a variety of styles, incorporating Lycian, Hellenistic, and Roman influences.
  • Many of the tombs feature detailed reliefs, which can still be seen today. The scenes provide historians with insight into the art, culture, and beliefs of the time.
  • Several tombs are constructed in an unusual “pillar” style. These tombs (with the burial chamber set atop a large stone pillar) are unique to Xanthos and not seen in any other Lycian cities.

The Acropolis – The Heart of Xanthos

The acropolis was the heart of the ancient city — a central hub where people gathered, shopped, and conducted business. In addition to the agora (marketplace), the area featured temples and private homes.

The Theatre – Entertainment for the Masses

The classic Roman theatre at Xanthos dates back to the 2nd century AD. (It replaced a Hellenistic theatre that was destroyed by a catastrophic earthquake that devastated much of the Lycian coast in 141 AD.) The theatre served as a venue for the city’s entertainment.

Byzantine Basilica – A Growing Christian Population

Dating back to the Byzantine era, the basilica at Xanthos likely served as the main church for Christians in the area. Smaller churches and chapels throughout the region, including the small basilica at Letoon, suggest a growing Christian presence over time.

Letoon – The Spiritual Centre of Xanthos

The site of Letoon is located about 2KM away from Xanthos and is considered by many to be the religious and spiritual centre of Xanthos.

Xanthos Through Our Lens

Bringing the history and beauty of Xanthos to life by showcasing the ancient city's ruins, tombs, and spectacular views.

Click on any image to expand.

Tips for Visiting

  • Getting to Xanthos – The site is easily accessible by car, motorbike, or bus. There is ample, free, on-site parking.
  • On-Site Facilities – Although Xanthos is a UNESCO site, we found the site to be in relatively poor condition on the day we visited (January 2025). There was a lot of trash strewn about, graffiti, broken fences, and downed electrical cables. Signage around the site is lacking, so, in many instances, you have to guess at what you are looking at. That said, there are clean, working toilets and a small gift shop which also sells snacks, water, and soft drinks. (We brought our own food and drinks to avoid the exorbitant prices.)
  • Price – As of January 2025, the entrance fee for visiting Xanthos is 115 TL or presentation of a Muze Kart. Note: Only Turkish lira are accepted as payment.
  • Accessibility – The theatre and most of the agora are easily viewed from a road passing through the site, but actually exploring Xanthos requires a modest degree of physical fitness. (There are no sidewalks or handrails, and the terrain is uneven.) Exploring the necropolis requires some courage, good balance, and a sturdy pair of hiking boots.

Why Make the Trip to Xanthos?

Exploring Xanthos is more than just walking through the ruins of an ancient city—it’s the chance to peek through a window into an ancient civilisation standing at the crossroads of Greek, Persian, and Roman influences. If you want to escape the tourist trail and develop a deeper understanding of Lycian culture, consider a day trip to Xanthos on your next visit to the area. The beauty of the region and its unique architecture will not disappoint.

Sources of Information We Referenced about Xanthos